如何学素描，cdr如何才可以透视( 九 )

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平面技法的辅助
素描的线条技法还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时，在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。

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毛笔画法的使用
更重要的是使用毛笔画法，因为毛笔能发挥笔触的宽度和笔调的强度并且能增加空间感和立体感。

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艺术性的加强
素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料，用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。

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明暗
明暗交界线是素描中灰面与暗面的交界，虽然名字是明暗交界“线” ，但是它是由“面”组成的，由于光线以及静物本身形体的变化，明暗交界线也会有非常丰富的变化。
有一些静物因为形体会有很多明暗交界线，所以我们找到这些明暗交界线之后统一暗部，然后这些明暗交界线的色调也要做一个区分，靠近光源的颜色稍微要亮一些。
结合视频讲解可以明白明暗的运用手法https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d
推荐书籍
《素描风暴》

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《素描的诀窍》

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《像艺术家一样思考》

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《伯里曼人体结构绘画教学》

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%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DO64dqUqQoWAYExw5DHcyJSwnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描是一切绘画的基础，这是研究绘画艺术所必须经过的一个阶段。狭义上专指用于学习美术技巧、探索造型规律、培养专业习惯的绘画训练过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2ukdY0mYocEigxuUmtcRzk0nSc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何选择工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VSM4dS0OUoGqemxqtdccKUWTnhK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描是一种正式的艺术创作，以单色线条来表现直观世界中的事物，不同的笔触营造出不同的线条及横切关系和节奏、主动与被动的周围环境、平面、体积、色调、及质感。不同的作品则需要不同的工具语言来表述，才能更加体现画面的效果，作品才能成功。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PUWkd2uSSoQAqgxkraRc3HVFnph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"干笔适宜作清晰的线条，水笔宜于表现平面;精美的笔触可用毛笔挥洒，而广阔的田野则可用铅笔或粉笔去勾勒。炭笔是两者都可兼用的。对工具的理解是完成好一幅作品的首要条件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcQUdyUqgoE4SqxGSgrc1VxknEc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWQUdMQmcoOwkKxS24acblIknGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R4A4dI4o2oUMAMxg5SIc6bGrnjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美术铅笔的铅芯有不同等级的软硬区别，硬的以\"H\"为代表，如：1H、2H、3H、4H等，前边数字越大，硬度越强，即色度越淡；软的以\"B\"为代表，如：1B、2B、3B、4B、5B、6B等，数字越大软度越强，色度越黑;学生用铅笔一般是HB形，软硬适中。对于初学绘画的可从HB到4B中选择三种类型就可以了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SyMCdysCuoyqAmx8NuQcNvC1nsh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":571,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dea034941d684e0aadf4466a620781fd","width":508},"text":"","id":"F2UCds0yGoWiAYxqYjKc5my4njh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GcIIdUseGo64iIxWUBQcAjB3n5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"辉柏嘉、施德楼、三菱、中华、马可、凯兰帝、老人头、得韵、马利、马培德 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Marte）、青竹画材（CHINJOO）、尼奥尼（NYONI）、海特（Hite）、高尔乐（Kuelox）、卫庄、老人头（lotory）、睿识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeYsd44eYoqm2ixCWLkckt7Hnjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FsCWdWWE8oceKCxa2VWc8GFCnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒常见的有黑色和赭石色两种，质地较木炭条硬，附着力较强，可用可不用固定液。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VScSd4CCuoQaIkxPWdpcnF3xngv"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":519,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/81e4dee2b832418a99181eb371627150","width":493},"text":"","id":"S864dSwMWoWiiwxGULncMzBEnRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIa6dU0o2o0W2AxEnhscQYSbn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"海特索斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pcq2dC0C2o4Y8IxqKoacHPHAnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KOIudGsuqoUMmSxMlYqcQJg2nJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描通常在专用的素描纸上进行，选用素描纸时要注意纸质坚实、平整、耐磨、纹理细腻、不毛不皱、易于修改，如素描纸、铅画纸。太粗、太薄、太光滑的纸都不适合铅笔画素描。初学者使用的纸张大小以8开或4开为宜， 16开大小的铜版纸和复印纸，则适合用钢笔、圆珠笔画素描。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaIedcMCEoyGcexYdKPcBjkinMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ccf7d528d4bd42beb84a5965c5feb010","width":756},"text":"","id":"HigAdcwK2oSKkix6OhVcFAsMn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描纸的表面有明显的纹理，这样铅笔上色才会比较容易，另外，背面的纹理也不一样，背面的纹理要比正面纹理弱，所以应该在纸张的正面绘画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6eKdI80GoymiyxmwuEcXO5BnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅助工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BEGqd4megoGeiox6Z9Kci82UnWd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XKoKdQgokoI8muxu4tGcezJZnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用来放置素描纸的架子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZwkSdySC0oQm6CxWC6Ccf2BnnFg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":494,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6d85b5dbb4254ef8af76dede4231f9fc","width":527},"text":"","id":"NO8idemqWoAYqUxfZnWcSPHMnd2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BKwCduUqioMGuAxq86gc2sZTnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽边的大铁夹可用在画板上固定纸张。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XIw8dUgUiogKeQxwl0tcsb5tnNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0bb0f0ddfbb344278ed65163df9dd01a","width":431},"text":"","id":"Jmq4dWsYeoEWEcxKm1ac48fAn4b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K0qsdUUa0ogwsIx4N5gclbMgnmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带也是不错的固定纸张的工具，因为胶带宽度均匀，画完后将胶带去除会留下一条好看的白边","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYOYdy2aGoysC2xGSj0cL3TDnub"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bb357025113a4375924bb9e6979e4c18","width":640},"text":"","id":"RogqdQuaOo8CeCxoTzxc32W3nyd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi8SdKOSYomEEyxi8wZcY5dznyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用起来超级方便的清扫工具，画面上的橡皮屑较多的时候，用它清除就不会弄花画了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYe2deOe4oW2ICxk5KPcDzaEnFe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":177,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7a343ba1aab742878eb9684316df400b","width":422},"text":"","id":"CaY2dSW4ioO44ixOuo3cS4j6n3g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NmcMdYU4eo4QaMxKgkCc9uJrnIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔用短了之后都会很苦恼，用的时候不方便，扔了又觉得可惜。将笔的一头放入延长器中，画笔瞬间就变长了。是非常不错的节省工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IsuAdkySEoU4kWx4ALQcdzTgnbe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":558,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e668854a356145fcb36d982e0b1c64f0","width":580},"text":"","id":"VooUd0oiMo88Yux2frpcLqPbnUe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画常识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TY26dSsayoC8O4x4LmWcOcJAnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"想要学素描，必须要了解一些知识，具体的如下","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"几个方面","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyYmdaSGIogUAIx0KdLcW3ljnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GyCmdomq6oo4iYxiMrkcZrAznah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最常用到的就是一点透视，因为一点透视只有一个消失点（灭点）所以也叫：平行透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig8Cdu88KoYImexyYAJc4ASYnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡大小相等的物体愈远，其形愈小，以至于最后消失于一点，这点称为消失点。根据消失点的不同位置，能观察到的面也不同。当消失点在物体外侧时，可看到2个面，在物体上方时能看到3个面，在物体内侧时只能看到一个，如果物体正面是空的，则看到的是物体的内部结构。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8OOd68CKo4S8Kxes2dcjLtXn0c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":243,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/534d60fa2622446f9aeff055be782965","width":640},"text":"","id":"JgwAdMcEQosG8axMNEGcXvSpn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不论画什么物体都可以归纳、概括在一个立方体或者多个立方体中，只要有一个面是与画面平行的，就可以利用一点透视（平行透视）来作画。一点透视合适画小的物体，透视变化不大，但是画的时候一定要体现出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiUgdy0W0o08g8xUDnVc3uAxnGc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":322,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/947f3cd90db748d5a5c1dad2e01b0695","width":550},"text":"","id":"EoOqdWCOcoMoYKxg2ductG8fndR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"站在宽广的平地上向前看，远方天地的交界线，称为地平线，地平线是处理透视图形的重要依据。平视时地平线和视平线重合，地平线就是视平线；俯视时，地平线在视平线的上方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZassdUYqaoyWkQxYfmQc3CsSn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text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质感为止。素描画好后要对描绘的物体进行统筹和完善加工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MaiqdQuiYoeUskxYHufcdbZTnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这个视频讲的是受光的技巧，比较浅显易懂","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ，有助于进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0AYdaEMyoWMYkxKg47c0EGfnKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqkCdc2Eeom44ux8ffacUnfLnjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图是每一个学习绘画的人所必须要掌握的一项基本能力，从美得感受出发，让观赏者感受到美、舒服。各部份的一种配置法，依照经过设计的格式，一致的比例，或重复的体系去安排。一般情况下在绘画中构图讲究天小地大、左右均衡；各物体大小适中，整体完整，不可过小，亦不可过大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z4gWdaAAsooCycxwhyXcKwO0nxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五种方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UWuodeo6Co2eGUxigRGczcwYnSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、三角形构图，素描静物中最常用到的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGcYdUiG2oyk0wx0wHKcKUtzn79"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":410,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/da8755248073498d802aabfbd9118368","width":596},"text":"","id":"NMoOdQSWwooQoAxcZ1UcnHninnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形构图是最常见的和最稳定的构图形式，静物分成三组放在三个顶点上。此类构图画面稳定、主体突出、层次明确、错落有致，适合静物数量较少的组合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGcId2OAwoYu8qxsp9ecygdmnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形的三条边是由不同方向的直线合拢而成，而不同的线条组成不同形式的三角形，产生不同的趋势和变化。如果你坐在静物正面中间位置，可能会更多采用三角形构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQCAdyw6Uo0WAuxi08dcR5Lwnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、C形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KCgqdQUEKowoG6xkZDjcP5nLnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0eYdgiQKoYcC0xafb3cJm96ney"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":646,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0765a7ae85074d22b530801ccd23b551","width":498},"text":"","id":"U00CdcikSoMKy2xGqgFcCVEmnGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I24qdCkQyogIOoxhQdLcsTuynop"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“C”形构图，画面动感程度优于其他形式的构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKMCdcKwAo2Uy0xoPiuc2wN9nvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种构图方式使画面具有流动性，更容易表现较大空问的静物组合。“C”形有三个点，主体物往往在中间点的位置.前面的点往往是第一次要物体的摆放位置，最后面的点帮助你加强画而空间层次的推移。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6CadiM2aoQ0KuxgtEbcwLsqnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、S形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GeImd4uKAoIckux6FyuclZQnnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c229460650924a0297ff014fa37a1698","width":499},"text":"","id":"NqO8dsOmAowmgoxegsbcfxP1nxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\"S”具有曲线的优点，优美而富有活力和韵味，所以“S“形构图给人一种美的享受，而且画面显得生动、活泼。读者的视线随着\"S”形向纵深移动，可有力地表现其场景的空间感和深度感。在 \"S”形构图中，通常会缩短 \"S”的上部，拉长 \"S”的下部，以形成“上紧下松”的构图关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUkadCasGoOs8axIhteci8eAnce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、圆形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RmuudOkMAoIO6Yxq1RDcDC6An7R"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":420,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e787b0068cbf4d84865766f0c6ffe8ac","width":600},"text":"","id":"P0iIdMCWkoe66GxyCItcmCc1nNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"圆形构图就是让静物在画面中围成一个圆圈。圆形构图在视觉上给人以旋转、运动和收缩的审美效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T4QQdy2u4oSCioxEXlycSSBunMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当圆形被拉长时，就会变成椭圆形。椭圆形构图大都采用宽大于高的横幅形式，它不仅有静态效果，也会产生动态效果，同时还具有较为明显的整体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyWedCQ4moOmGOxQnZ9cGXA4nPz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、水平式构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOsId8k2mosOwwxekVacO4wvnS2"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":435,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3e9cde1aecb4069a9475f1d123e6be4","width":595},"text":"","id":"Cc6cdkq4QoEs0CxQh98cIsI1noe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水平式构图的物体不能放在画面正中，应当处于一个偏上或者偏下的位置。水平式构图纵向上的空间层次较少，为了让画面丰富，各个物体要在形状、大小、高矮颜色等因素上形成对比，使画面安定、平和，可以增强画面的稳定感。同时还要安排好位置，形成前后的空间层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M664dyokgogOQAxcbMbcuf1on7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"文字讲解不能很直观地展现，可配合","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"视频讲解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ，进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"怎么构图","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOSKdA6YgoAWeqx0u9zcj6P6nvb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSMOdAue6o0ao4x2ZYPcTgufnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描轮廓线是指物体外部和内部形状对线条，描述前进或后退的形状之变化方面的一条断续线或连续线。也指物体对形，没有轮廓线就没有\"形”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GaMMdWaQOoaWUmxY1m8cjrwlngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般来说轮廓包括外轮廓和内轮廓，两者相互依存，就是说外轮廓画错了，内轮廓也必然跟着错，内轮廓错了也会影响外轮廓的准确。在实践中存在的问题是容易把二者分开来观察，分开来画，分开来检查，必须两者结合起来观察并结合起来画才对。要知道轮廓绝非指简单的物体的外框，要内外兼顾方可画准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EiGwdiwsEocCqixkTHKchaNZnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓就是形状，画画的第一步是画形状。形状图对了，就顺利了。越画越难受。勾勒轮廓的暗部可以简单处理，勾勒轮廓的同时可以详细画明面。由于形状的透视变化，尤其是轮廓，一分钟宽度等于几英寸宽度，因为边缘是立体形状。当一个同样宽度的面转向后方时，面的长度会越来越窄，直至消失。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyyEd6wumoosE6x2b2Yca6finDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果外轮廓和内轮廓的基本比例和位置不正确，包含所有细节的形状也会是错误的。所以大纲的确定要严格、严格、细致。严谨谨慎不是要求你谨小慎微，而是要求你胆大心细。只有大胆细致的书写，勾勒出轮廓，才能知道这幅画的对错。我们要敢于肯定，也要敢于否定和纠正错误。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuGYdkcE0oEeasxSGDHcdlyinPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要想画出正确的轮廓，必须对物体的形象有正确的认识和观察。观察轮廓也是专业训练不可缺少的阶段。一种不仔细观察研究对象，就无法在反复修正的过程中提高识别能力，也无法培养敏锐的视力，理解简单形式的复杂性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FQqWdIUgyocQqAx2igIc4QRMnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进一步学习可以观看视频讲解，可巩固一些知识点","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D0oEduSUSo2sGcxUcuncdjYGncb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XEqOdgooKo4aMixIxtHctn6fnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线是素描最基本的语言元素，在素描中丰富的色调变化是经过许多次的线条叠加而形成的，这其中线条的走向与角度尤其需要注意。画好素描排线就要有一个正确的握笔姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QksEdiSaOoa48sxi4kncZNOnn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的握笔姿势，可以分为两种：持棒式和握笔式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BICGdSS0MoayEExgpYocXhRGn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"持棒式：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2ysd4oyGo0gmwxw1d6cgTcEnHd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":325,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6c0fe1ad2db940e7aec72163cfdd2401","width":485},"text":"","id":"AMUgdy2GcoEmAcxSkW5cZ3t9nHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用拇指、食指和中指，三指拿笔与手掌下，如上图，中指起到辅助作用。用拇指左右摆动，在画面形成规则的接近平行的一排线。在用持棒式方法的时候，笔和画面大约在35度角左右就差不多，手和手腕不要接触画面，如果难掌握，可以用小指做支撑点，也可以用手腕自然的上下画出线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKUOdU0uSosoC4x3ZvrcmVuXnL9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"握笔式：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VoMYd0WAEo6u4ixELITcLwZCn9b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":326,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1be5b21913b44a49bae80a68c1f26554","width":481},"text":"","id":"AiCmdeWeOou8m0xu22KcoLr2nDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种方法就是平时的写字姿势，如上图，这种的握笔方法可以用在面积小的暗面，或者在单体塑造的时候，这种方法用的很多，不像持棒式是在面积大，握笔式很容易掌握，就像写字一样画线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ba4gd8KasowcckxWSCkcrLpJnHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若干组排线最好不要沿同一方向展开，因为沿同一方向或缺乏方向变化的十字形(夹直角)都将导致画面出现板滞和类似平涂的光赋效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RscId2q0moEwyCxA9mccFrionNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7e530a6c2b744738b6585cefe64a1e24","width":364},"text":"","id":"HMsydweK8oiqimx6SBScDmhgnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用一组组的线排开，颜色深浅不同，表现出明暗关系。当我们画苹果时，在背光处铺出一组调子，就是画的暗面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McUyd0EGYo2aSgx0IB3ccrTrnlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ee00dcf85144506ab19680670f87cf4","width":358},"text":"","id":"OweIdgI0qoQA8Cx6GXgc6U0VnNx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线只是用来表现明暗变化，以此来塑造物体体积，表现空间的一种手段。无论怎么排线，只要画出效果就可以，不拘泥于各种形式。各种线的画法会产生不同的效果，所以在画不同的画时我们可以用不同的排线方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HU8Id2464oYKAExEl2ocSiMtnPh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63f1f95577394afd9378cc06a928581e","width":364},"text":"","id":"RuiSd28g8o28QgxfHOUcDiSEnvX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"苹果的画法视频已经讲了很多，感兴趣可以看看","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com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掌握头部解剖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayqkde26AoKkgqx4KSfc10hanEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在没有模特或具体的作画对象时，画者只能通过记忆或平时头像写生的经验来完成对头像的默写。内外部形体结构的把握能力，以及对素描技法的合理运用和表现能力。在平时的训练中要着重理解头部骨骼的构造、熟悉头骨各部位的名称及正确位置，做到没有参照对象也熊熟练正确地画出头部各部位的位實及解剖关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LoIsdwq0uoGEmSxqmmlcqe0NnNf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"头像写生训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6Wydmk4woqeGuxAzsFcn0UcnXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平时要积累大量的人物头像写生的作画经验，在人物头像写生训练中，要有针对性地选择写生对象。如选择考试中经常出现的男青年或女青年模特进行写生训练，也适当选择一些老年模特写生，有备无患。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIu0dQoUuoa8wIxoFKKcz910n0g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹加强记忆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zac8d0Aw0o2M0gxmWzkc6sxnnXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习头像写生的最好办法，也是提高素描头像造型能力的有效途径之一。通过临摹，学习他人的经验和技法，真切地体会画者的感受和意图，领会作品的精神所在。这样既节省时间又事半功倍。临摹还能提高眼睛的准确观察力及眼与手的配合能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Humadoem6oq0uWxg3eIc8CKvnNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2eydGeyooWoimx8tCec2a22n8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描所表达的是形体与空间不外乎黑、白、灰三字，一幅素描起码应该具备三个方面的成功：一是形体结构准确，二是黑、白、灰大层次分明，三是中心焦点突出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R84od4yemoOsAuxqUcacjcDjnwc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":643,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9bda6f048e0c46c98c13d46ad0d2a6c3","width":491},"text":"","id":"E4KqdMWocouuKExv1TxcUq6Dnin"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中心焦点是有视觉习惯形成的，所谓焦点，在客观上应该是在结构中最有特征、又最能展示形体与空间部位的。常位于画幅前景接近中心的部位，是中心也是重心。画素描就应有点偏心，如果平均用力不仅破坏了整体感，也违背了视觉的真实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ym6CdmUmGosmo0xQjQecM348nFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓线（包括一些局部轮廓线）只是物体的某些面在转移时被缩小了形象，用轮廓线来认识世界不应是初习素描者的课题，而先要学习用立体的观念来研究世界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0aSdweoEoCWkKxgdWMcAjOFnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这条线的表现力是不容忽视的，因为物体表面有丰富的起伏向纵深转折时又与空间组成各种关系，它时浓时淡，宽窄虚实，变化无穷，不单单只是一条“线” 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WI4sd8YQkoe6qMxGyKCcVfKTnFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWGkdc8oComOO0xk7X6c1sg7nBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一是结构，第二才是光，黑白则是它的附属物。大家要学会借助黑白来认识形体结构，但有时黑白也会歪曲形体结构的原来面貌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAswdEe6coMGmaxOYROcNHGEnGe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":719,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/89f7cf4f15e640ed8b41d8b11f1b4581","width":552},"text":"","id":"DYC0diG0qowW4WxQWUDcZqQencx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描就是找区别，大区别就是“大关系” ，凡是大关系都具有整体性的分量，它容纳并制约着所有局部，因而它是最重要的。小区别就是“小关系” ，就是指处于同一色调中的轻微差异。相对于整体来说，它们只能被称之为“局部” 。它们以一定的比例或层次关系组织起来并充实着整体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J8MEdyYa6oWQgMxyAIDctUlYnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没有局部， “整体”便是空的，而如果没有整体的制约， “局部”就成为散乱无序，所以它们是相辅相成辨证统一的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkgmdmcuWoWSSQxmkVKcUuRUn4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构的透视变形色调的黑白相称，对边线的虚实处理，三者共同担负着表现空间与体积的任务。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsWidy2uYouUaKxaEWucNEnonEb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L8gedq8o6oog46xKKTQcuuJcn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线，但是线在实质上却是不存在的，它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界，用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代，线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素，并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。用线条来组成物体的形象，并且描绘于平面之上，藉由线条形式引起观者的联想。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIWIduuw2oyCsaxYXesclq1LnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如两条线相交所构成的角形，可以被认为是某平面的边界；另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶，交会聚集的线条可表现深度。人们可以从线条的变化当中，得到可以领会的形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMSgdK88eowKyEx2DHmcLcFQnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线条区分立体与平面，至于色彩明暗是为了加强和厘清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始，消失和中断来画出边界，并且形成平面，也可使色彩至边界而上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCWkdUwIEocK8mxiU9AcBuXEnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线条的粗细能表现物体的变化，甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来，还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时，在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料，用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WAGSdcYcGoEiSSxAFDscjosIngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线，但是线在实质上却是不存在的，它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界，用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代，线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素，并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOSgdy2UUouKcCxQHOtc2sUynoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"透过线条手段，单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描，这个视频讲的比较清楚","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AumidSiWcoKW6KxA9IhcASKYnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":668,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9d1a50672c414a2f8a884d527b5ef69a","width":890},"text":"","id":"D8gUdOieWoKO4SxgLfkc92akntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"用线条来组成物体的形象","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2g4duikEoqcKSxGe4ac4fSsnNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两条线相交所构成的角形，可以被认为是某平面的边界；另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶，交会聚集的线条可表现深度。透过线条的手段，单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NIgUde8u4oImEQxYT2IcT4Wcnnh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":653,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ca1d69b891a047acaf9cc9d2802b61f7","width":578},"text":"","id":"Gikcdg00GocMG8xuWz3c8EydnUd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"用线条区分立体与平面","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R02WdcAM8oSowaxIJTCcHe0ynQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在素描中可以用线条区分立体与平面，至于色彩明暗是为了加强和分清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始，消失和中断来画出边界，并且形成平面，也可使色彩至边界而上。线条的粗细能表现物体的变化，甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWgadQKW6o8CcIxgU8bcgm9Cntb"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":451,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/496c8b6414934669b702afd342a6f614","width":440},"text":"","id":"Ycucd0yKWo0okUxVABMcf9xpnt6"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":379,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c038c5c282f24ab3bc1f6175944d3ac2","width":428},"text":"","id":"BK8idi46mo62aWxiywGcHbM1nZg"}],"text":"","id":"Uog8dM6qeoyUMsxyA7fcojNVnXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"平面技法","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"的辅助","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uog8dM6qeoyUMsxyA7fcojNVnXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的线条技法还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时，在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Saaad8qAOocc02xZGYIcijDXnh2"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":545,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e17c58896fe046bbbec0382435ccb92b","width":775},"text":"","id":"T4GadmEGIoSesexKQiccQYISntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"毛笔画法","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"的使用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IQYSdW2Iio6Qg8xYRd7cHaQznXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"更重要的是使用毛笔画法，因为毛笔能发挥笔触的宽度和笔调的强度并且能增加空间感和立体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeAyd8Akmo6ImexS2G4cqCLpnJf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":551,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c7a86f056f594346a3b72363e8c6b8d9","width":856},"text":"","id":"D4OEdM8I0oQUwkx0SBOca974nSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"艺术性的加强","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oy8ydUiYIoKAk2xmeVJcvATznYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料，用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TeWCd0wKoowwEMxGozfcrB2fnOh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":521,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/909bec2f46144855bf575ed589f3f617","width":420},"text":"","id":"WM0idS0eQoO0IIxQaIAcDUhnnkb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K80KdesksoSaYYxYlnacpMmonFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗交界线是素描中灰面与暗面的交界，虽然名字是明暗交界“线” 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。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqUkdg0AKo2YQcxcB7Hcd0eXnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有一些静物因为形体会有很多明暗交界线，所以我们找到这些明暗交界线之后统一暗部，然后这些明暗交界线的色调也要做一个区分，靠近光源的颜色稍微要亮一些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YEQudyISIoOKQyxWms0cxLERnBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合视频讲解可以明白明暗的运用手法","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YoeKdKoUcoWeuAxuwSBc5XQdn6d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X2Q4d6OEMo2Kq2xyoSCcJ4OLnlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《素描风暴》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EGeQdyAwioIi4exi6Axc2deTnUb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":541,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/02fa9d8faea64ee58f354a866317bed5","width":348},"text":"","id":"Eq6sdWSmgoCCMuxCGjHchzMJn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《素描的诀窍》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CsO2dW6aOo86Ecx6dl4cS29tndc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":743,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9294a7f630a443d4b44e84e58b1f0ce3","width":554},"text":"","id":"Domed6wWuoac8Qx4wlEcRSFmnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《像艺术家一样思考》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YsQ8dQsacoO2iQx4NvmcjShVnLg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":444,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e1435441efaa48e7a896025f3eb02e4d","width":360},"text":"","id":"H2iKdeemAosUegxola5cpqY6noe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《伯里曼人体结构绘画教学》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Q0dU8AOoC0AyxEXyOcLjBrnec"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":466,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/168e0c9078494e56a4117ed4d296ecb4","width":323},"text":"","id":"Ns4KdgGmsoiyG8xdUwPcw2Gpnec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Egi4dYek6oqQUMxqoRKcbbOVnXc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

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